The Services That Promote Sex And Relationship Education

This assignment will look at the services that promote sex and relationship education. It will identify the current health issues on promoting and teaching children about sex and relationship education in schools at a young age. Sex and relationships education has been a highlighted topic for over time which is being highly debated about whether it should taught to young children. There are mixed views on how sex and relationship education is taught, statistics show ‘Most parents (65%) believe that sex education should encourage young people to delay sexual activity’ (Kaiser Family Foundation in 2000). Whereas some parents disagree as they think their children are too young to know about sex and relationships, this essay will look at the†¦show more content†¦SRE is important because children have the rights to know the basic understanding of sex and relationship education. As it is also part of the curriculum which states ‘The sex education elements of the National Curriculum order are compulsory for all pupils of primary school age. As these cover anatomy, biological aspects of sexual reproduction and the use of hormones and promote fertility’ (National Curriculum 2010, The Education Act 1996). This is covered in schools through varies activities such as role plays as this is seen to be an effective way of addressing and acting out sensitive topics and issues, keeping children’s privacy keeping children anonymous and assemblies to give them the basic knoweldge and understanding of SRE which is also included in the level 2 health literacy plan. As it state ‘Providing basic information provides the foundation on which more complex knowledge is built up over time’ (D Wight 1998, DFE 2000). This supports children to take part in activities that would make them more aware of their own feelings/emotions and when they know what appropriate and inappropriate behaviour is the theory of health promotion school 2005 As this helps children build positive relationship with other children and later on in life this can be done by having mentors for children who want to speak to someone alone as some children may be embarrassed to speak about it. SRE has proved reduce chances of unwanted or

To the uninformed observer this does not really make sense. How can a

Essays on To the uninformed observer this does not really make sense. How can a firm with such a low profit be worth so much on the stock market Essay MARKET CAPITALISATION IN RELATION TO PROFITS and MARKET CAPITALISATION IN RELATION TO PROFITS Introduction A company’s value is determined by calculating the current market value of shares held in the company. This is market capitalisation or â€Å"market cap†. On the other hand, profit is the value over and above revenues net expenses. This paper will elaborate on the link between profits and valuation in an aim to explain why a company with low profits may have very high market capitalisation. Companies always quote a higher market capitalisation value than the actual book value that is calculated by multiplying the number of shares and the share price. This is because above the value of assets plus liabilities of a company, there is the value that the company has earned due to its existence in the market. This is known as goodwill. It is earned through a good reputation and uniqueness in brand. Contrary, profits are calculated by a net of all expenses from the revenue earned. Therefore, profits are not directly related to the market capitalisation. According to (Market Capitalisation, 24), despite a company having high market capitalisation, it may earn low profits or even get losses. This paper examines a case study on social media company, Facebook. In the year 2012, it was estimated to have made a profit of $32m USD while its market capitalisation was estimated at $90bn USD that year in May. It is essential to make clear why such a situation would occur. In accordance to (Holtzman, Mark and Sinnet, 20), market capitalisation encompasses more than just the balance sheet items. These other items include the market position of the company, its brand, the abilities of management and the growth potential of the company. Hence, companies may have very high market capitalisation as compared to their profits. Profits may also be quite low due to several factors such as research and development expenses and capital expenditure as claimed in (Easton et al, 12). Research and development are the costs of penetrating new markets and promotional costs while capital expenditure include costs that are incurred in a company to maintain its assets. According to Oliver (10), profits reflect the gain that the company makes in earning revenue net all expenses. It is significant to note that the value of the company may not necessarily affect the value of profits it makes. This is since; a corporation may have invested in many assets, which are part of its market cap. However, it may not be simultaneously earning very high revenue and may be incurring very high costs to get a steady position in the market due to factors such as competition. Hence, this explains why Facebook as a company may have been making low profits despite their market capitalisation being high. The case study on the company also shows that by December 2013, the company was worth $140bn USD, showing a significant increase in value. This may have been due to the increase in number of shares by that time as compared to the previous year before the public offering. Various companies have continued to operate in losses despite their high market capitalisation, which is not an abnormal trend. This is because, the link between profits and market capitalisation is not a direct one. For instance, the company may have high obligations in terms of liabilities, or a high number of shares issued which increases its market capitalisation. However, the increase in the market cap does not necessarily mean increase in profits for the company as shared in (Cohen, Lauren and Karl, 34). It simply means that the company is worth a certain value but does not affect the profits directly. The only way profits would be maintained at a high level is when the company minimises its costs effectively a nd increases its revenue significantly. These ways of minimising costs include opting for cheaper sources of finance, reducing capital expenditure and trimming development costs. According to (Lafley and Ram,26),increasing revenue can also be done through introducing new features in goods and services offered, creating customer loyalty and attracting more potential customers. Conclusion This paper concludes that a company’s value is not directly related to its profits. This means that a company may be making low profits as compared to its net worth. Therefore when analysing financial information of a company it is essential to note that the profits accounted may not reflect their market capitalisation as claimed in (Smith, Gordon and Russel, 28). This is also because the two elements are affected by different factors and are calculated differently. Such that market capitalisation is affected by trends in the stock market while profits depend mainly on the costs incurred by the company. Through the critical analysis of the issue of market capitalisation in relation to profits, this paper has explained why the situation of Facebook was quite normal. References Cohen, Lauren, and Karl B. Diether, 2012. Legislating stock prices. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Easton, Peter D, John J. and Robert F, 2006. Financial accounting for MBAs. Second ed. Cambridge, U.K.? Cambridge Business Publishers. Holtzman, Mark P., and William M. Sinnett, 2009. Goodwill impairments. Florham Park, NJ: Financial Executives Research Foundation. Lafley, A. G., and Ram C, 2008. The game-changer: how you can drive revenue and profit growth with innovation. New York: Crown Business. Market capitalisation. 2009. Mosman: IMinds. Smith, Gordon V., and Russell L., 2000. Valuation of intellectual property and intangible assets. Third Ed. New York: Wiley, Oliver, L., 2000. The cost management toolbox a managers guide to controlling costs and boosting profits. New York: AMACOM.

Freedom of Air Free Essays

* First Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to fly across its territory without landing (also known as a First Freedom Right). * Second Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to land in its territory for non-traffic purposes (also known as a Second Freedom Right). Third Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from the home State of the carrier (also known as a Third Freedom Right). We will write a custom essay sample on Freedom of Air or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Fourth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic destined for the home State of the carrier (also known as a Fourth Freedom Right). Fifth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down and to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from or destined to a third State (also known as a Fifth Freedom Right). ICAO characterizes all â€Å"freedoms† beyond the Fifth as â€Å"so-called† because only the first five â€Å"freedoms† have been officially recognized as such by international treaty. Sixth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting, via the home State of the carrier, traffic moving between two other Stat es (also known as a Sixth Freedom Right). The so-called Sixth Freedom of the Air, unlike the first five freedoms, is not incorporated as such into any widely recognized air service agreements such as the â€Å"Five Freedoms Agreement†. Seventh Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State, of transporting traffic between the territory of the granting State and any third State with no requirement to include on such operation any point in the territory of the recipient State, i. e the service need not connect to or be an extension of any service to/from the home State of the carrier. Eighth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting cabotage traffic between two points in the territory of the granting State on a service which originates or terminates in the home country of the foreign carrier or (in connectio n with the so-called Seventh Freedom of the Air) outside the territory of the granting State (also known as a Eighth Freedom Right or â€Å"consecutive cabotage†). Ninth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege of transporting cabotage traffic of the granting State on a service performed entirely within the territory of the granting State (also known as a Ninth Freedom Right or â€Å"stand alone† cabotage). Source: http://www. icao. int/icao/en/trivia/freedoms_air. htm How to cite Freedom of Air, Essay examples

Demography and Book Population Problems free essay sample

Define the nature and scope of demography. Explain the Malthusian Theory of population growth. Can this theory be applied to the Philippine situation today? Enumerate the sources of demographic data. What are censuses of the Philippines available for demographic study? The term,† Demography†, is derived from Greek words ‘Demos’ which means ‘ the people’ and ‘Graphy’ which means ‘to draw or write’. Thus demography means to draw or write about people. Demography is the science of population. Demography is the scientific study of human population involving the statistical measurement of the size, growth and the diminution of the number of the people, the proportion of living being born or dying within the same area or region and the related function of fertility, morality and marriage. This definition of demography is not sufficiently wide. In fact the field of demography changes according to time, place circumstances. This point has been particularly raised by Warren S. Thompson and David T. Lewis in their book Population Problems (1965). According to Von Maoyer Demography is the numerical analysis of the sate and movement of population inclusive of census enumeration and registration of vital process and of whatever qualitative analysis can be made the state and movement of population on the basis of fundamental census and registration data. Explaining the scientific nature of demography, Irene Taeuber has pointed out, â€Å"With improved data, new techniques and the precise measurement of the demographic transition that is occurring, demography has become science rather than literature†. It was also emphasized by John V. Grauman when he said, â€Å"Demography is both an abstract science and applied technology. † Demography today uses scientific methods, the most important of which is analysis. As S. N, Agarwala said, â€Å"Demography deals with population dynamics and composition, which covers a wider area. We are shifting from demography to population studies. † Demographers seek to understand population dynamics by investigating three main demographic processes: birth, migration, and aging (including death). All three of these processes contribute to changes in populations, including how people inhabit the earth, form nations and societies, and develop culture. While most of the discipline’s research focuses on humans, the MPIDR is also committed to the specialized field of biodemography. Today, there is growing interest among the public in demography, as â€Å"demographic change† has become the subject of political debates in many developed countries. Most of these countries have birth rates below the replacement level of 2. 1 children per woman, and, at the same time, life expectancy has been rising considerably and continues to rise – a development sometimes called â€Å"the aging of societies. † While demography cannot offer political advice on how to tackle demographic change, demographers seek to describe the phenomena related to this change, and to understand their causes. Using reliable data and the statistical processing of these data, modern demographic research embraces many scientific disciplines, including mathematics, economics and other social sciences, geography or biology. NATURE OF DEMOGRAPHY It employs scientific study and method. The observations are presented systematically. Demography makes factual study of population census as the principle method of study. Demography defines causes and effect relation to events social reaction and in social facts. Demography can predict about social relations events etc. SCOPE AND SUBJECT MATTER OF DEMOGRAPHY The following are the scope of Demography: SIZE OF POPULATION The number of people dwelling in a given area at a given time, its comparison with previous period and the future projection are import and element of the size of population. The causes of change, like natality, morality and migration are analyzed with the use of biological, social, economic and culture variables. COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Composition of population covers all measurable characteristics of the people who form a given population. The most widely used characteristics are age and sex, rural and urban residence marital status, occupation, education, religion etc. are some other characteristics in the composition of population. SIZE OF POPULATION Under we study how population are distributed in the world is rural and urban distribution of people. Labor Fore Labor force is an important field of economic study and such labor force falls into two classes such as (i) economically active labor force which include employed and involuntarily unemployed labor. (ii) Economically dependent or innative labor force which includes houses wives, students fixed income recipients. Population Policy A proper population policy has become an inevitable adjunct of population since the socioeconomic development of a country. The scope of demography has been classified into two sections: Macro-demography and micro-demography. While the former includes studies of systems, cultures and societies on a large scale, the later study the individual and the family as a unit of society. Thus the later study has smaller units and it is conducted intensively. In the words of Donald J. Bogue, â€Å"It is the study of the growth, distribution and redistribution of the population within a community, state, economic area or other local area. This includes both numerical and compositional aspects and is performed by using meaningful subdivisions of community or local areas. † However, most of the population studies are conducted in the field known as Micro-demography. The two fields help each other, For example, death rate is studied both from the macro and the micro standpoint. Similar is the case concerning birth rate, fertility, migration, etc. The field of demography includes the subjects which are discussed in world population conferences since 1954. The two conferences of 1954 and 1965 discussed the subjects: fertility, death rate, migration, genetic composition, future probabilities, population and means of subsistence, techniques of population measurement and training of the demographers. Other subjects included in the scope of demography are: distribution of population, qualitative aspect of demographic data, family planning, growth of population, demographic aspects of housing and the demographic aspect of saving and investment. The scope of demography has further increased after 1965. The computer techniques are the contribution of this decade. In the words of Peter R. Cox: â€Å"Computer techniques, using stimulation, have been developed in order that stochastic variability can be provided for in various stages. This is a rapidly growing area of demography, and prospects of future progress are almost as important as the work already done. † Importance of Demography: Demography presents population data in a systematic manner. It importance can be felt in the manner below. Political: The factual demography give the information the rate by which the number of vote are increasing. This will help in identifying the voters and by which the arrangement is done for conducting elections. Economic: 1. It helps in farming economic progress which can contribute to economic development. 2. The Assessment of economic development with rate of growth in population can be made. 3. It helps to court the growth and modernization of economy. 4. It focuses on the dimension of unemployment. 5. Demography give the information of per capita income and production. Economic planning: With the help of population figure alone the planning authorities would be able to allocate resources to the various section of the economy. MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION GROWTH The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus FRS (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834) was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. Malthus himself used only his middle name Robert. Malthus hypothesized that unchecked population growth would quickly exceed carrying capacity, leading to overpopulation and social problems. MAJOR POINTS: Thomas Malthus warned that population growth would exceed resource growth, leading to catastrophic checks on overpopulation. This would occur because population grew exponentially while food supply grew arithmetically. Without population control, the population would be reduced by catastrophes such as famine or war according to Malthusian theory. As a solution, Malthus urged moral restraint: people must practice abstinence, sterilization, and have criminal punishments for those who have more children than they can support. Malthusian catastrophes refer to naturally ocurring checks on population growth such as famine, disease, or war. These Malthusian catastrophes have not taken place on a global scale due to progress in agricultural technology. However, many argue that future pressures on food production, combined with threats such as global warming, make overpopulation a still more serious threat in the future. Early in the 19th century, the English scholar Reverend Thomas Malthus published An Essay on the Principle of Population. In it, he argued that overpopulation was the cause of many of the social ills observed in the industrial societies of Europe: poverty, malnutrition, and disease could all be attributed to overpopulation. According to Malthus, this was a mathematical inevitability. Malthus observed that, while resources tended to grow arithmetically, populations exhibit exponential growth. Thus, if left unrestricted, human populations would continue to grow until they would become too large to be supported by the food grown on available agricultural land. In other words, humans would outpace their local carrying capacity, the capacity of ecosystems or societies to support the local population. As a solution, Malthus urged moral restraint. That is, he declared that people must practice abstinence before marriage, forced sterilization where necessary, and institute criminal punishments for so-called unprepared parents who had more children than they could support. Even in his time, this solution was controversial. According to Malthus, the only alternative to moral restraint was certain disaster: if allowed to grow unchecked, population would outstrip available resources, resulting in what came to be known as Malthusian catastrophes: naturally occurring checks on population growth such as famine, disease, or war. Over the two hundred years following Malthuss projections, famine has overtaken numerous individual regions. Proponents of this theory, Neo-Malthusians, state that these famines were examples of Malthusian catastrophes. On a global scale, however, food production has grown faster than population due to transformational advances in agricultural technology. It has often been argued that future pressures on food production, combined with threats to other aspects of the earths habitat such as global warming, make overpopulation a still more serious threat in the future. TERMS Malthusian catastrophes- ? Malthusian catastrophes are naturally occurring checks on population growth such as famine, disease, or war. Exponential Growth- ? The growth in the value of a quantity, in which the rate of growth is proportional to the instantaneous value of the quantity; for example, when the value has doubled, the rate of increase will also have doubled. The rate may be positive or negative. Carrying Capacity- ? The number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support. EXAMPLE: Advocates of Malthusian theory point to epidemics that diminished urban populations after early periods of urbanization as evidence that Mathus predictions were correct. For example, from 1918-1922, an estimated 75,000,000 people worldwide are thought to have died from an influenza epidemic. Malthusians would cite this as a natural check on populations that were outpacing natural resource availability. ? Overpopulated Urban Slums? Malthusians would cite epidemics and starvation in overpopulated urban slums, like this one in Cairo, as natural checks on growing populations that have exceeded the carrying capacities of their local environments. The Malthusian Theory can be applied in the Philippines. It can be applied in the Philippines because the population is rapidly increasing while the resources is depleting. The anti-life and anti-family advocates and their atrocious supporters and financiers have infinite strategies of adroit and astute tactics and clever ways to continually infiltrate the Filipino people through their western-based agenda through legislations, intimidations, misrepresentations and fraud. At present, the anti-life and anti-family advocates with international and global connections have already filed 21 anti-life and anti-family bills of various concerns of very imaginable deception and sham and now being consolidated into an omnibus law, the House Bill 3773 covering reproductive health, population control policy and programme, mandatory two-child policy and sex education for the youth. Of all these bills, accordingly, at least, 3 bills promote and advocate the use of artificial contraceptives, abortifacients in the guise of promoting and protecting Filipino womens health. The basis of argument of most anti-life and anti-family advocates, supporters, proponents and financiers is the erroneous understanding and belief that there can be economic growth and development when the population is low in density or in decline. Thomas Robert Malthus was an English demographer and political economist on his time who lived around 1766 to 1834. He prognosticated that the increasing world population would outrun the food supply that believed to be leading to poverty, hunger and lack of foods. He developed a pessimistic philosophy, obviously on the fear of growing population in his time, that proven to be spurious. It is unfortunate that Filipinos are very much influenced by Malthusian theory that leads to all and many moral evils. They continue to cling to Malthus theory as advocators, adherents and promoters and even radically misinterpret his thoughts. Many of the anti-life and anti-family advocators and of those who claimed to be population management experts or peritus in the Philippines and in the world use the Malthus theory worst than Malthus himself, for their own insatiable vested interest and their vain desire to follow or emulate the Western culture of licentious behaviours in the name of freedom and democracy but ipso facto, the wrong use of it. They are engaged in adroit conspiracy putting up some sorts of smokescreen to keep them looking at the fact that has effectively debunked Malthus since 1960s that there is no iota of truth that population growth is causing scarcity of food supply. As a matter of fact, it is a reality that we are now in the age of global plenty and there should be no hunger of populations in the world most particularly in Christian nations. But there is hunger, not because of the population growth, but because of the lack or absence of money and worse, the control of money to have access to food supply and production. And of course, obviously, as the signs of the times tell us, the lack and absence of love or charity and justice of humanity today and charity and justice is denied to greater humanity because of the policies of the present economic anti-life system. And so, therefore Malthus is debunked, there is no such thing as population explosion or bomb. What I know is FOOD SUPPLY EXPLOSION as food production is proven to be more faster than the rate of population in the world as a whole and no valid reason to fear for hunger though money crisis or lack or absence of income is causing us fear for survival. The only solution is justice and charity for life. Malthusian economic philosophy advocated solutions, but wrong solutions. Malthus also advocated moral restraint and vice which sound good, that were interpreted during his time as population control strategy called for late marriage and sexual abstinence but on the negative side or evil side, the Malthusian economy or philosophy also advocated infanticide, abortion, murder, contraception and homosexuality and others, that would be applicable to the poor and working classes. In the Malthusian argument, only the lower social classes would assume responsibility for societal ills. SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA POPULATION CENSUS- The main source f demographic data worldwide. A census is the process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, and disseminating demographic data at a specified time covering all persons in a country or in a well delimited part of the country. The Population Census is unique in that it provides the possibility of examining small and special population groups, and acquiring information on small geographic units (localities, neighbourhoods). The census is conducted in Israel every decade. ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS- The compilation of notices, background reports and environmental review documents that provide a record of the environmental review, public involvement and decision-making processes required by CEQA related to the project. VITAL REGISTRATION SYSTEM- Vital statistics are statistics on live births, deaths, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces. The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration, an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations. Efforts to improve the quality of vital statistics will therefore be closely related to the development of civil registration systems in countries. SAMPLE SURVEYS- Sample survey is the technique used to study about a population with the help of a sample. Population is the totality all objects about which the study is proposed. Sample is only a portion of this population, which is selected using certain statistical principles called sampling designs (this is for guaranteeing that a representative sample is obtained for the study). Once the sample decided information will be collected from this sample, which process is called sample survey. UNIVERSAL POPULATION REGISTERS- citizens are required to register their place of residence with the relevant authorities, who use the information for the planning and delivery of state services and to contact people. There are also other forms of population registration that indirectly but decisively determine to what extent individuals enjoy certain basic rights, including mechanisms for the registration of such life events as birth, death and marriage. This information can determine a person’s eligibility to vote, to access education and health care, and to receive social services or a pension. SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA In 1960, the government of the Philippines conducted a survey on both population, and housing. The population was pegged at 27,087,685. Successive surveys were again conducted on 1970, 1975, 1980, and 1990, which gave the population as 36,684,948, 42,070,660, 48,098,460, and 60,703,206 respectively. On 1995, the POPCEN was launched, undertaken at the month of September, The data provided the bases for the Internal Revenue Allocation to local government units, and for the creation of new legislative areas. The count was made official by then President Fidel Ramos by Proclamation No, 849 on August 14, 1995, The population was 68,616,536. According to the executive director of the Commission on Population Tomas Osias, the population of the Philippines may reach 101. 2 million by 2014. Attempts to introduce a reproductive health law to bring down the population growth rate has been consistently opposed by the Catholic Church, the dominant religion of the country.